中國資本市場創新模式-美國創業投資American venture capital
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<p style="text-indent:27.45pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.96"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">美國創業投資發展十分迅速。它的形成與發展是對傳統融資方式的一種變革,是資本市場中產生的一種新的制度安排。擔當美國創業投資這種新型制度安排的主體是有限合夥制的風險投資公司。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">80</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代以來,隨著美國創業資本規模的迅速擴大,有限合夥公司得到了迅速發展,成為資本創業市場的主要投資主體。從美國創業投資制度安排的特點和主要內容來看,最關鍵的在於有限合夥公司委託代理關係中監督和激勵機制的設立。美國的有限合夥公司經過長時間的發展,已經建立了一套管理創業資本的有效機制,並較好地解決了在創業資本運營過程中由於委託人和代理人之間的資訊不對稱帶來的監督和激勵問題。並通過它在解決委託代理問題方面做出的較為合理的安排,成為在資本創業市場占主導地位的存在形式。儘管美國的創業投資不乏失敗的記錄,甚至出現創業企業大量的生、大量的死的現象,但體制組織的經濟合理性保證了它的成功。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 一、美國投創業資的制度安排</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 美國投創業資在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">20</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">世紀</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">80</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代後期發展十分迅速,進入</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">90</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代後,更是如日中天。它的形成與發展是對傳統融資方式的一種變革,是資本市場中產生的一種新的制度安排。擔當美國投創業資這種新型制度安排的主體是有限合夥制的創業投資公司。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">80</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代以來,隨著美創業險資本規模的迅速擴大,有限合夥公司(</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">limited partnership</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">)得到了迅速發展,成為資創業本市場的主要投資主體。在美國,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1980</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年有限合夥公司參與的創業資本為</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">20</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">億美元,占創業資本總量的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">42.5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%,而到了</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1995</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年,有限合夥公司參與的資本創業為</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1432</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">億美元,所占的市場份額達到</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">81.2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%。有限合夥公司作為風險資本主導組織形式的合理性可從以下幾個方面加以說明</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;
mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、有限合夥公司及其特點</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"> 直到</span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">70</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代末期,資本創業投資基本上由富裕家庭、金融機構和行業公司等組成,它們投資在融資公司發行的有價證券上。而今</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">80</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%的風險資本投資是經過專業的仲介公司完成的,並且幾乎全部採用有限合夥的形式。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 有限合夥公司是一種合夥企業,通常由兩類合夥人組成,即普通合夥人和有限合夥人。高級經理人一般作為普通合夥人。普通合夥人負責管理有限合夥公司的投資,同時也提供少部分的合夥資金;有限合夥人主要是機構投資者,是投資資金的主要提供者。有限合夥公司的合夥資金通常是普通合夥人占</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%,有限合夥人占</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">99</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%。有限合夥公司有固定的存續期限,通常是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">10</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年。如果合夥合同中帶有延長合夥的條款,通常也只有</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年至</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年的延長期,最多能延長</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">4</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年。在有限合夥公司運營的第</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年至第</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年間,有限合夥公司首先是投資,然後是對投資進行管理,最後是退出並獲得投資利潤。投資利潤可以是現金,也可以是有價證券。有限合夥公司的經理人一般在現存合夥公司的投資已全部完成的情況下,開始籌集新的合夥資金。這樣經理人幾乎是每隔</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年至</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年的時間就要籌集新的合夥資金,並同時管理幾筆基金。每個基金都有不同的存續期限,並且每個有限合夥公司在法律上是獨立的,管理也是分開的。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;
mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、有限合夥公司與創業企業</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">一般而言,有限合夥公司投資過程分為四個階段:</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 第一個階段,選擇投資對象,包括獲取必要的資訊並評估其潛在的投資價值。挑選高品質的企業對於保證投資成功非常重要。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 第二個階段,組織投資,確定投資結構,即確定投資的類型和數量,並討論投資協定的具體條款,這些條款會影響有限合夥公司對創業企業經營的干預能力</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: PMingLiU;" lang="ZH-TW">經理人在選中投資企業之後,開始與企業商談投資協定,以確定財務結構和治理結構。首先,財務方面的核心問題是有限合夥公司所占的股權份額。有限合夥公司的股權份額的確定通常採用現金流量折現</span></strong>
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<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">法,即計算出企業在未來某個時點的價值,並按照一定的回報率確定原先企業所有者的權益。企業價值一般是企業的稅後利潤或現金流量乘以某個乘數。回報率因投資類型的不同而不同,早期創業企業的回報率為</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">15</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%,而較為成熟企業的回報率為</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">25</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%左右。通常情況下,對企業未來價值評估達成一致非常困難,企業希望盡可能高估價值,這樣企業只需要給有限合夥公司較少的股份。相反,有限合夥公司往往採用較為保守的估計方法。解決衝突的辦法是,在企業管理人員達到預定經營目標的時候,給予他們增加企業股權的機會,這種措施往往能促使創業企業管理人員對企業未來贏利狀況有較為客觀的估計,同時對其有很強的激勵作用。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">其次,公司治理結構的問題有兩個,即企業管理層的激勵和有限合夥公司對企業的控制程度,特別是在企業經營發生困難的時候。</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 投資者和創業企業管理人員的資訊不對稱會產生潛在的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">道德風險</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">”</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,即管理層以投資者受損為代價謀求自己的利益。有限合夥公司通過一系列機制協調管理層和投資者之間的關係。這些機制可以分為兩大類,第一類是對經營業績的激勵,包括給予管理層一定的股份,確定投資者股權的性質,以及管理層的雇用合同等;第二類是對企業的直接控制,包括在董事會中的席位,表決權的分配和控制追加融資等。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">第三個階段:監控投資,即積極地參與企業的管理,通過在董事會的席位和其他非正式的管道,有限合夥公司的經理人控制並扶持被投資企業的發展。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在完成投資以後,經理人不僅要監控企業,而且向企業提供一系列顧問服務。有限合夥公司認為,通過向企業管理層提供幫助,使企業</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">增值</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">是區別于其他外部董事的主要方面。在監控和管理企業方面,經理人幫助設計高級管理人員的收入結構,必要時撤換管理人並安排外部融資,解決經營中出現的問題,以及制定公司的長期發展戰略。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">第四個階段,是退出投資,因為有限合夥公司的存續期有限,並且投資者希望以現金或可流通的證券作為回報,所以這種退出策略是投資過程中必不可少的一環。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 退出投資有三種方式,包括公開上市、協定轉讓和企業回購股權。不同的退出方式對有限合夥人、經理人和企業的管理人有不同的影響。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">公開上市通常能實現企業價值的最大化,並保持企業的獨立性,同時企業又有了不斷籌集資金的管道,是一種優先考慮的退出方式。但是,企業公開上市後,根據有關法規,屬於私募性質的有限合夥公司擁有的股份在兩年後才能出售,有限合夥公司必須不斷參與企業的經營,直到其持有的股份能出售為止。</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 私下的協議轉讓對有限合夥公司也具有相當的吸引力,這種退出方式能使有限合夥人迅速獲得現金或可流通的證券,並完全退出創業企業。但創業企業的管理層一般不歡迎這種做法,因為私下的協議轉讓通常意味這企業被大公司收購而失去獨立性。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 創業企業回購有限合夥公司的股權,通常事先簽訂強制性的回購條款和確定股權價值的計算方法。對於有限合夥公司在風險企業的少數股權而言,事先簽訂回購條款是必要的,因為回購是有限合夥公司股權變現的唯一方式。但是對大部分而言,回購通常只是一種候補性質的退出方式,並往往在投資不成功時才採用。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">二、美國創業投資制度安排的特點</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">從美國投創業資制度安排的特點和主要內容來看,最關鍵的在於有限合夥公司委託代理關係中監督和激勵機制的設立。</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 有限合夥公司是由兩部分人組成的:普通合夥人和有限合夥人。前者是資金管理者,後者是主要投資者。普通合夥人和有限合夥人之間的關係顯然是一種委託代理關係。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">通過有限合夥公司而不是直接投資於對象公司,投資者把很多工作如選擇、組織、管理到最終的清算投資業務委託給普通合夥人。同時,有限合夥人必須關注普通合夥人怎樣有效地維護他們的利益。普通合夥人有時會為謀求他們自己的利益而犧牲有限合夥人的利益。如不盡最大努力去監管;為所投資公司收取過高的管理費;承擔過大的風險;保留最好的投資機會給自己等。有限合夥公司對其內部委託代理關係產生的上述問題,主要通過合夥期限、信譽機制、業績衡量等手段來監督;而對高級經理人的激勵也是通過報酬的安排來實現的。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、資金籌集和信譽的作用</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 有限合夥公司的合夥期限一般只有</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">10</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年,因而普通合夥人為了生存,必須不斷地籌集新資金。事實上,有限合夥公司的籌資和投資是一個持續的過程。每隔</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年至</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年,經理人必須組成新的有限合夥公司,因為現存的有限合夥公司籌集的資金已被完全投資。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 組成有限合夥公司的過程取決於普通合夥人的信譽和經驗。一般而言,普通合夥人的信譽和經驗往往以其成功的業績來體現,因為業績反映了普通合夥人的能力。故而當經歷本身也被視作一種資產時,普通合夥人就會花費更多的時間及精力去保護他們的信譽。為減少資金籌集的成本,普通合夥人通常先向自己以前的投資人籌資,然後才是其他投資者。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">由於組成有限合夥公司很困難,因而普通合夥人對各種投資人(有限合夥人)沒有什麼要求。但他們偏愛有一份長期創業資本投資合同的投資者。因為有經驗的投資者對於普通合夥人的能力是最熟悉的,所以當自己合作過的投資者從市場退出後,普通合夥人將會面臨更多的困難。投資者的退出是創業資本資金籌集的最大障礙之一。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">基於上述壓力,普通合夥人會極力維護信譽。很顯然,普通合夥人一旦喪失了信譽,失去投資者的信任,在籌資空間較小的創業資本市場,普通合夥人的資金籌集就無從談起。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、業績的衡量</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">最通常使用的業績衡量方法是內部收益率,它可以在有限合夥公司的每一階段計算。另一個衡量業績的方法是對有限合夥公司技能水準的品質評估。在某些場合,潛在的合夥人在共同投資的早期就和普通合夥人一樣工作,這種經歷給了他們去觀察普通合夥人怎樣組織和管理他們投資的機會以及普通合夥人的管理技巧。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 收集和分析有限合夥公司及回報的資訊是有成本的。隨著創業資本市場在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">80</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代的擴張,投資諮詢服務市場隨之發展。機構投資者,特別是那些新到市場的人,較多地依賴於專門的諮詢者去評估有限合夥公司。諮詢專家在發展新的評估有限合夥公司業績方法方面起著重要作用。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、合夥合同對普通合夥人的約束</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">為了解決普通合夥人和有限合夥人在公司運作過程中的資訊不對稱問題,美國的有限合夥公司在合夥合同中也做了詳細規定,通過條款對有限合夥公司的普通合夥人的投資和一些別的活動作出限制。由於相當大比例的普通合夥人的報酬是以類似于期權的性質支付,而這種形式的報酬能導致過度的風險,特別是當有限合夥公司承受的風險越大,普通合夥人的利益將會越高的情況下。因此對投資行為的限制尤為重要。</span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体" lang="EN-US"></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 為解決承擔過度風險的問題,合夥合同通常對投資於某一單個公司或有限合夥公司的兩個到三個最大投資項目的累計投資金額限定一個占基金籌資總額的百分比。合約特別規定禁止在公開交易市場和外國證券、衍生工具和別的創業資本基金上投資,也禁止創業資本有限合夥公司偏離其專注的行業。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">合同一般限制基金使用負債。在許分情況下,合同要求從資產銷售中獲得的現金立即支付給投資人。這些限制條款是為了限制普通合夥人承擔過大的風險而犧牲有限合夥人的利益。除了承擔過高風險,普通合夥人還有別的方式可以謀求自己利益。例如普通合夥人為了產生費用收入而投資於他們自己的子公司;為了增加公司的價值而投資於他們管理的其他投資公司;利用個人資金與有限合夥公司對最有吸引力的投資進行聯合投資。投資協定一般通過設立限制交易費用(付給普通合夥人完成某一單項投資的費用),要求用交易費用補償管理費用以及限制普通合夥人聯合投資的條款來解決這些潛在問題:</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">合夥合同允許有限合夥人對有限合夥公司在一定程度上的監視。大多數有限合夥公司有諮詢委員會,是由最大的有限合夥人組成。這些委員會解決關於交易費用以及合同利益的衝突等。有的有限合夥公司還建立了特別委員會幫助確定有限合夥公司的投資價值。儘管如此,這兩種類型的實體不能像董事會一樣為公司提供某種管理上的監控。因為美國在法律上禁止有限合夥人在管理中發揮積極的作用。有限合夥人另一種控制形式是利用在某些事務上的投票權撤換某個普通合夥人或在有限合夥公司終止日前終止合夥關係,但這些決定通常要獲得絕大多數表決票數。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、普通合夥人的激勵機制</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 普通合夥人一般以管理費和有限合夥公司的利潤分配作為收入,後者被稱為是附帶權益。在普通合夥人的年收入中,附帶權益也許是管理費的幾倍。這種制度安排,以利潤分配的形式對普通合夥人進行補償,是有限合夥公司激勵經理人員的中心環節。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> (</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">)管理費。普通合夥人的管理費一般以其所管理基金資金總額的一定百分比收取,並在有限合夥公司存續期間保持不變。管理費率在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%至</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%之間,大多數的創業基金收取</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">2-2.5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%的費率。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">近年來有一種降低管理費的趨勢。有限合夥人認為管理費應該更能反映合夥人的工作。普通合夥人通常在合夥的初期和中期最忙,因為他們要選擇投資機會、組織交易和監管所投資公司,隨著所投資公司的上市或出售,普通合夥人轉而去籌集下一筆基金。參與程度在合夥的晚期下降。為了反映不同的參與程度,許多合夥協議規定在某些時期採取比較高的費率,為</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">2-5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%,隨後降低費率。很多情況下在有限合夥公司終止後,普通合夥人不再收取管理費,即使有限合夥人願意延期。這種收費安排是鼓勵普通合夥人儘快歸還有限合夥人的投資資本,並開始組織新的有限合夥公司。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> (</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">)附帶權益。附帶權益是指普通合夥人對有限合夥公司的利潤分配,一般固定為全公司淨收入的</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">20</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%。在有限合夥公司中,</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">80</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%以上的公司利用這種利潤分配規則。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 雖然附帶權益的百分比相當可觀而且固定,但最近計算淨收入的方法逐漸有利於有限合夥人。在早期協定中,附帶權益是基於單個投資的收入。而現在的合夥合同,一般是基於有限合夥公司全部投資組合的回報。當別的條件不變,有限合夥公司某一單項投資虧損時,這種改變更加對有限合夥人有利。更重要的是,它調和了有限合夥公司的投資目標和有限合夥人的目標。在早期協定中,合夥經理人較少關心整個投資的回報,而是更關心最成功的某一單項投資的回報。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 在合夥合同中規定,隨著有限合夥公司投資開始清算之時,就要分配給有限合夥人及普通合夥人現金和有價證券。這樣一來,有限合夥人的回報可能因為投資的長期持有而虧損成為負數。為了保護有限合夥人的利益,合夥合同中規定,在普通合夥人收到附帶的權益之前,允許有限合夥人收回他們的投資和管理費,還要求普通合夥人歸還他們早期的利潤分配。這樣的條款限制了普通合夥人通過早期收入的分配來擴大回報的企圖。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 有些合夥公司的會計和利潤分配制度是影響普通合夥人和有限合夥人利潤分配的重要因素。過去,有限合夥公司一般是以股票市場價格估算附帶權益的。然而,許多初始上市公司的股票流動性有限,當有限合夥人試圖拋售股票時,股票價格會進一步下降。因此,許多有限合夥人往往在他們的合夥協議中加入條款,迫使普通合夥人取代股票而分配現金,或對股票分配進行折扣。另外,還有一些普通合夥人給有限合夥人固定比例的回報(從</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%到</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">10</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%不等)。這個條款要求在普通合夥人分享合夥利潤之前,投資者先收回某個固定比率的回報。在一些情形下,普通合夥人只收取超過優先分配後的那部分利潤的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">20</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%。以上這些變化,使普通合夥人的報酬和有限合夥人的投資目標更加緊密地聯繫起來。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体" lang="EN-US"></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 三、美國創業投資的制度安排對委託代理關係問題的解決</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">美國的有限合夥公司經過長時間的發展,已經建立了一套管理創業資本的有效機制,並較好地解決了在風險資本運營過程中由於委託人和代理人之間的資訊不對稱帶來的監督和激勵問題。並通過它在解決委託代理問題方面做出的較為合理的安排,成為在創業資本市場占主導地位的存在形式。</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">外部人在投資一個企業時通常會產生兩個問題,即資訊不對稱問題和激勵問題。在搜尋企業的時候會發生資訊不對稱問題,企業的所有者和管理者比外部人更瞭解企業,他們往往會誇大企業的優勢而掩蓋潛在的問題。這種事前的資訊不對稱,就會產生逆向選擇問題。激勵問題產生於企業的經營過程,管理人員有很多機會以外部人的受損為代價,使自己獲益。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 在創業企業中,外部投資者面臨的資訊不對稱問題和激勵問題更為嚴重。為了解決這兩個問題,投資者必須深入地進行投資前的調研和投資後的管理工作。這些工作不可能由大量的投資者去完成,因為工作本身相當繁雜,而投資者又有搭便車的心理。因此,風險資本投資過程中如何從制度安排上去解決上述問題,降低交易成本是創業資本市場健康發展的關鍵。有限合夥公司的出現可以說有效地解決了這一難題。對這一結論,可以從兩個方面入手分析。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">首先,為了解決資訊不對稱帶來的逆向選擇以及搭便車的道德風險,必須將創業資本的投資工作委託給一個單獨的仲介機構。</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">由於在選擇、組建和管理創業企業中需要相當專業的知識和經驗,很多機構投資者不具備這方面的特長,因此,仲介的作用非常重要。仲介機構的經理人通過參與大量的投資具備了這方面的能力,而且,經理人的技能是非常專業化的,往往專注於特定行業的企業或處於特定發展階段的企業。仲介機構的參與大大降低了風險資本投資過程中的交易成本。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 此外,仲介機構在扶持創業企業中能發揮重要的作用。仲介機構的信譽、知識和專業化都有助於創業企業的發展,如一個管理良好的企業能夠獲得承銷服務,而仲介機構的高度專業化對於創業企業的招聘、與供應商打交道等方面都有很大幫助。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 引進仲介機構後,原來投資者直接選擇與監督企業的功能就分解為仲介機構選擇、監督企業和投資者選擇、監督仲介機構幾個部分</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 其次,由於創業資本的資金供給者在選擇、委託仲介機構的過程中,也同樣存在資訊不對稱問題和激勵問題,因此如何解決仲介機構的效率高低,取決於資金供給者和仲介機構如何有效地解決資訊不對稱和激勵問題。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 在資<strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">創業</span></strong>本市場中,有限合夥公司以其獨特的信管機制解決了上述問題。因為風險資本市場的參與者數量有限,大家經常打交道。哪家有限合夥公司的經理人經營業績不佳,他就失去了大家對他的信任,難以再次籌集資金,充當<strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">創業</span></strong>資本的代理人。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"> </span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;
mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">
</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">由於對於創業投資這種交易關係的成本不確定的交易方式,採用市場體制肯定會受到機會主義行為的損害,以及其他一些額外費用,如團隊生產(</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">team production</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">)中的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">搭便車</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">”</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">行為,以及委託人與代理人之間資訊不對稱所引起的費用。因此美國的風險投資採取的一系列有效的在體制結構與實際運作方面的措施與方法就具有非常強的參考價值。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 通過建立起以有限合夥公司為主的組織形式,確立了風險投資中的委託代理關係。普通合夥人與有限合夥人各自不同的權利與義務的劃分,分別代表了代理人與委託人職責的明晰化並通過合夥合同賦予法律效力。比較妥善地解決了經濟生活中的一個難題,即委託代理問題。而在實際操作的進程中,其建立在產權的充分界定和實施基礎上的結構體系,使參加交易的有關各方合理地承擔交易費用,從而保證了體制組織的效率性。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 儘管美國的創業投資不乏失敗的記錄,甚至出現創業企業大量的生、大量的死的現象,但體制組織的經濟合理性保證了它的成功。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">法,即計算出企業在未來某個時點的價值,並按照一定的回報率確定原先企業所有者的權益。企業價值一般是企業的稅後利潤或現金流量乘以某個乘數。回報率因投資類型的不同而不同,早期創業企業的回報率為</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">15</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%,而較為成熟企業的回報率為</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">25</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">%左右。通常情況下,對企業未來價值評估達成一致非常困難,企業希望盡可能高估價值,這樣企業只需要給有限合夥公司較少的股份。相反,有限合夥公司往往採用較為保守的估計方法。解決衝突的辦法是,在企業管理人員達到預定經營目標的時候,給予他們增加企業股權的機會,這種措施往往能促使創業企業管理人員對企業未來贏利狀況有較為客觀的估計,同時對其有很強的激勵作用。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">其次,公司治理結構的問題有兩個,即企業管理層的激勵和有限合夥公司對企業的控制程度,特別是在企業經營發生困難的時候。</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 投資者和創業企業管理人員的資訊不對稱會產生潛在的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">道德風險</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">”</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,即管理層以投資者受損為代價謀求自己的利益。有限合夥公司通過一系列機制協調管理層和投資者之間的關係。這些機制可以分為兩大類,第一類是對經營業績的激勵,包括給予管理層一定的股份,確定投資者股權的性質,以及管理層的雇用合同等;第二類是對企業的直接控制,包括在董事會中的席位,表決權的分配和控制追加融資等。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">第三個階段:監控投資,即積極地參與企業的管理,通過在董事會的席位和其他非正式的管道,有限合夥公司的經理人控制並扶持被投資企業的發展。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在完成投資以後,經理人不僅要監控企業,而且向企業提供一系列顧問服務。有限合夥公司認為,通過向企業管理層提供幫助,使企業</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">增值</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">是區別于其他外部董事的主要方面。在監控和管理企業方面,經理人幫助設計高級管理人員的收入結構,必要時撤換管理人並安排外部融資,解決經營中出現的問題,以及制定公司的長期發展戰略。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">第四個階段,是退出投資,因為有限合夥公司的存續期有限,並且投資者希望以現金或可流通的證券作為回報,所以這種退出策略是投資過程中必不可少的一環。</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 退出投資有三種方式,包括公開上市、協定轉讓和企業回購股權。不同的退出方式對有限合夥人、經理人和企業的管理人有不同的影響。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">公開上市通常能實現企業價值的最大化,並保持企業的獨立性,同時企業又有了不斷籌集資金的管道,是一種優先考慮的退出方式。但是,企業公開上市後,根據有關法規,屬於私募性質的有限合夥公司擁有的股份在兩年後才能出售,有限合夥公司必須不斷參與企業的經營,直到其持有的股份能出售為止。</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 私下的協議轉讓對有限合夥公司也具有相當的吸引力,這種退出方式能使有限合夥人迅速獲得現金或可流通的證券,並完全退出創業企業。但創業企業的管理層一般不歡迎這種做法,因為私下的協議轉讓通常意味這企業被大公司收購而失去獨立性。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 創業企業回購有限合夥公司的股權,通常事先簽訂強制性的回購條款和確定股權價值的計算方法。對於有限合夥公司在風險企業的少數股權而言,事先簽訂回購條款是必要的,因為回購是有限合夥公司股權變現的唯一方式。但是對大部分而言,回購通常只是一種候補性質的退出方式,並往往在投資不成功時才採用。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">二、美國創業投資制度安排的特點</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> <strong><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">從美國投創業資制度安排的特點和主要內容來看,最關鍵的在於有限合夥公司委託代理關係中監督和激勵機制的設立。</span></strong></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 有限合夥公司是由兩部分人組成的:普通合夥人和有限合夥人。前者是資金管理者,後者是主要投資者。普通合夥人和有限合夥人之間的關係顯然是一種委託代理關係。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">通過有限合夥公司而不是直接投資於對象公司,投資者把很多工作如選擇、組織、管理到最終的清算投資業務委託給普通合夥人。同時,有限合夥人必須關注普通合夥人怎樣有效地維護他們的利益。普通合夥人有時會為謀求他們自己的利益而犧牲有限合夥人的利益。如不盡最大努力去監管;為所投資公司收取過高的管理費;承擔過大的風險;保留最好的投資機會給自己等。有限合夥公司對其內部委託代理關係產生的上述問題,主要通過合夥期限、信譽機制、業績衡量等手段來監督;而對高級經理人的激勵也是通過報酬的安排來實現的。</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、資金籌集和信譽的作用</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> 有限合夥公司的合夥期限一般只有</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="EN-US">10</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-f
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